Application of Polyamines and Amino Acid Derivatives Based on 2-Azabicycloalkane Backbone in Enantioselective Aldol Reaction

Carbon–carbon bond forming reactions, such as aldol reaction and condensation, belong to extremely desired transformations as manifested by >25,000 entries in SciFinder. Their stereoselective variant requires the use of an appropriate catalyst with a strictly defined structure. Hence, chiral 2-azabicycloalkane-based catalysts were designed, synthesized and tested in a stereoselective aldol reaction between cyclic/acyclic ketone and p-nitrobenzaldehyde both in organic and aqueous media. Among catalysts containing a chiral bicyclic backbone, amide based on 2-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane and pyrrolidine units showed the best catalytic activity and afforded aldol product in excellent chemical yields (up to 95%) and good diastereo- and enantioselectivity (dr 22:78, ee up to 63%).


Introduction
Dating back to the 19th century, the aldol reaction and its many variants remain an important tool used in organic synthesis for carbon-carbon bond formation and building up molecular complexity and diversity [1,2]. The attractive possibility of creation of two stereocenters in a single step led to the development of stereoselective versions of this transformation [3,4]. To this end, numerous efficient catalysts have been introduced, including chiral metal complexes and organocatalysts. Among the latter, proline and its derivatives are particularly worth mentioning. An initial discovery of usefulness of L-proline in asymmetric aldol-type cyclization was independently reported in the early 1970s by two research groups (>90% enantiomeric excess was noted) [5][6][7]. Since then, this amino acid has been recognized as a versatile organocatalyst in a wide range of asymmetric transformations [8]. In addition, its derivatives, especially prolinamide, were found very useful; the possible mechanism of their action was studied in detail [9][10][11][12]. Protocols engaging various amines were also introduced [13]. In spite of the continuous progress in the field, the existing systems have their drawbacks (e.g., limited substrate scope, access to a particular stereoisomer of the product), and further research is necessary.
2-Azanorbornane (2-azabicyclo [2.2.1]heptane) and other 2-azabicycloalkanes with a chiral bicyclic backbone can be used as a versatile platform for the preparation of compounds exhibiting interesting biological activity, and a variety of heterocyclic compounds that have already found application in asymmetric synthesis as ligands or organocatalysts [14]. As an example, a series of derivatives of 2-azanorbornane prepared by Nakano and co-workers ( Figure 1) were applied in a stereoselective reaction of isatins with ketones [15]. A catalyst bearing a hydroxyl group led to aldol products in high yields (up to 95%) and modest stereoselectivity (syn:anti up to 36:64, up to 64% ee).
In our laboratory, we used 2-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane and 2-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane for the construction of chiral modular catalysts [16]. They were converted to the corresponding, isomeric amines which were reacted with aldehydes bearing pyridine, 2,2 -bipiridine or In our laboratory, we used 2-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane and 2-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane for the construction of chiral modular catalysts [16]. They were converted to the corresponding, isomeric amines which were reacted with aldehydes bearing pyridine, 2,2′-bipiridine or 1,10-phenanthroline unit. The resulting assemblies ( Figure 2) were used in zinc-catalyzed aldol reaction between cyclohexanone and 4-nitrobenzaldehyde. With 10% of Zn(II) complex (formed in situ), good and high yields (up to >95%) were noted, accompanied with syn/anti ratio up to 80:20, and ee up to 40%. With 4-chlorobenzaldehyde, better stereoselectivity was achieved (syn/anti > 98:2, ee(syn) 99%), albeit with much lower yield. Interestingly, in the absence of zinc a modest stereoselectivity was observed as well. In this communication, we report the application of chiral polyamines, amides and amino acid (proline analogues) based on a 2-azabicycloalkane scaffold as organocatalysts in aldol reaction. We believe that the introduction of this rigid unit bearing multiple stereogenic centers could have a beneficial effect on the stereoselectivity of the process.

Results and Discussion
In our study we prepared two types of optically active 2-azabicycloalkane organocatalysts, namely polyamines and amides with additional chiral pyrrolidine moiety. Compounds based on a 2-azanorbornane system were obtained by appropriate modifications of the enantiomerically pure aza-Diels-Alder cycloadduct 1 (Scheme 1). This precursor of all studied derivatives, an ester with 2-azanorbornene backbone, was obtained as the major product of the stereoselective aza-Diels Alder reaction between cyclopentadiene and a chiral imine [17][18][19][20][21]. Subsequently, compound 1 was subjected to both catalytic hydrogenolysis and catalytic hydrogenation yielding amino ester 2 and hydrogenated product, respectively; the latter was directly transformed into the alcohol 3. Simple hydrolysis of amino ester 2 led to an amino acid 4 with 2-azanorbornane core, which can be regarded as a bridged proline analogue [14]. The amine group was protected with Boc2O in the presence of base followed by the ester group reduction to the alcohol using LiAlH4. Next, stereoselective Mitsunobu reaction was performed to transform alcohol into the azide which was readily converted to bisamine 5 with Boc-protected secondary amine group in a bicyclic system [22]. Amine 6 with an expanded bicyclic system of 2-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane and its 2-azanorbornane-based isomer 11 were prepared from the bicyclic alcohol 3 as described in our previous publications [22][23][24]. Thus, a reaction of 3 with azide under Mitsunobu conditions led to ring expansion [20], yielding-after reduction-a bridged azepane bearing amine function 6. Swern oxidation followed by transformation of the   [16]. They were converted to the corresponding, isomeric amines which were reacted with aldehydes bearing pyridine, 2,2′-bipiridine or 1,10-phenanthroline unit. The resulting assemblies ( Figure 2) were used in zinc-catalyzed aldol reaction between cyclohexanone and 4-nitrobenzaldehyde. With 10% of Zn(II) complex (formed in situ), good and high yields (up to >95%) were noted, accompanied with syn/anti ratio up to 80:20, and ee up to 40%. With 4-chlorobenzaldehyde, better stereoselectivity was achieved (syn/anti > 98:2, ee(syn) 99%), albeit with much lower yield. Interestingly, in the absence of zinc a modest stereoselectivity was observed as well. In this communication, we report the application of chiral polyamines, amides and amino acid (proline analogues) based on a 2-azabicycloalkane scaffold as organocatalysts in aldol reaction. We believe that the introduction of this rigid unit bearing multiple stereogenic centers could have a beneficial effect on the stereoselectivity of the process.

Results and Discussion
In our study we prepared two types of optically active 2-azabicycloalkane organocatalysts, namely polyamines and amides with additional chiral pyrrolidine moiety. Compounds based on a 2-azanorbornane system were obtained by appropriate modifications of the enantiomerically pure aza-Diels-Alder cycloadduct 1 (Scheme 1). This precursor of all studied derivatives, an ester with 2-azanorbornene backbone, was obtained as the major product of the stereoselective aza-Diels Alder reaction between cyclopentadiene and a chiral imine [17][18][19][20][21]. Subsequently, compound 1 was subjected to both catalytic hydrogenolysis and catalytic hydrogenation yielding amino ester 2 and hydrogenated product, respectively; the latter was directly transformed into the alcohol 3. Simple hydrolysis of amino ester 2 led to an amino acid 4 with 2-azanorbornane core, which can be regarded as a bridged proline analogue [14]. The amine group was protected with Boc2O in the presence of base followed by the ester group reduction to the alcohol using LiAlH4. Next, stereoselective Mitsunobu reaction was performed to transform alcohol into the azide which was readily converted to bisamine 5 with Boc-protected secondary amine group in a bicyclic system [22]. Amine 6 with an expanded bicyclic system of 2-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane and its 2-azanorbornane-based isomer 11 were prepared from the bicyclic alcohol 3 as described in our previous publications [22][23][24]. Thus, a reaction of 3 with azide under Mitsunobu conditions led to ring expansion [20], yielding-after reduction-a bridged azepane bearing amine function 6. Swern oxidation followed by transformation of the formed aldehyde 7 to oxime and its reaction with LiAlH4 resulted in 2-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane derivative bearing amine function 11 [24]. Its reaction with aldehyde 7 and a subsequent reduction with sodium borohydride afforded a C2-symmetrical triamine In this communication, we report the application of chiral polyamines, amides and amino acid (proline analogues) based on a 2-azabicycloalkane scaffold as organocatalysts in aldol reaction. We believe that the introduction of this rigid unit bearing multiple stereogenic centers could have a beneficial effect on the stereoselectivity of the process.

Results and Discussion
In our study we prepared two types of optically active 2-azabicycloalkane organocatalysts, namely polyamines and amides with additional chiral pyrrolidine moiety. Compounds based on a 2-azanorbornane system were obtained by appropriate modifications of the enantiomerically pure aza-Diels-Alder cycloadduct 1 (Scheme 1). This precursor of all studied derivatives, an ester with 2-azanorbornene backbone, was obtained as the major product of the stereoselective aza-Diels Alder reaction between cyclopentadiene and a chiral imine [17][18][19][20][21]. Subsequently, compound 1 was subjected to both catalytic hydrogenolysis and catalytic hydrogenation yielding amino ester 2 and hydrogenated product, respectively; the latter was directly transformed into the alcohol 3. Simple hydrolysis of amino ester 2 led to an amino acid 4 with 2-azanorbornane core, which can be regarded as a bridged proline analogue [14]. The amine group was protected with Boc 2 O in the presence of base followed by the ester group reduction to the alcohol using LiAlH 4 . Next, stereoselective Mitsunobu reaction was performed to transform alcohol into the azide which was readily converted to bisamine 5 with Boc-protected secondary amine group in a bicyclic system [22]. Amine 6 with an expanded bicyclic system of 2-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane and its 2-azanorbornane-based isomer 11 were prepared from the bicyclic alcohol 3 as described in our previous publications [22][23][24]. Thus, a reaction of 3 with azide under Mitsunobu conditions led to ring expansion [20], yielding-after reduction-a bridged azepane bearing amine function 6. Swern oxidation followed by transformation of the formed aldehyde 7 to oxime and its reaction with LiAlH 4 resulted in 2-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane derivative bearing amine function 11 [24]. Its reaction with aldehyde 7 and a subsequent reduction with sodium borohydride afforded a C 2 -symmetrical triamine 13 in 50% yield, whereas the use of ethylenediamine in the reaction with aldehyde 7 resulted in diimine containing two 2-azanorbornane fragments, which was subsequently reduced to give tetraamine 10 in 70% yield [24].
With bicyclic amines 5, 6 and 11 in hand, the synthesis of amide-type organocatalysts was feasible. We decided to include in their structure a motif of (S)-prolinamide as an additional chiral unit. We intended to investigate the effect of its presence in the catalyst structure on the asymmetric induction in the catalytic aldol reaction. In addition, 2-azabicycloalkane derivatives are considered as bicyclic analogues of L-proline, characterized by greater steric hindrance and the presence of additional stereogenic centers [14]. To obtain amide type organocatalyst, amines 5, 6 and 11 were reacted with N-Boc-L-proline in the presence of DCC coupling reagent and K 2 CO 3 [24]. The newly prepared amides were fully deprotected using TFA-DCM (1:4 v/v) mixture yielding optically pure organocatalysts 8, 9 and 12 in 64%, 60% and 59% yield, respectively. All of novel compounds have been fully characterized using spectroscopic methods (see Section 3.2.3 and Supplementary Materials).
We started our catalytic studies from the model aldol reaction between acetone (14a) and p-nitrobenzaldehyde (15) using 10 mol% of the obtained amide type organocatalysts 8, 9, 12 at room temperature for 24 h (Scheme 2). We decided to compare their catalytic outcome with well-known catalyst L-proline [5][6][7] and its close bicyclic analogue, α-amino acid 4 ( Table 1, entries 1-5). The highest asymmetric induction was observed for proline, and for the bridged azepane-based amide 9 (66% and 60% ee, respectively; Table 1, entries 1 and 4). Both catalysts lead for high conversion (for amide 9 prolonging reaction time to 48 h resulted in 90% yield), and favour formation of R-enantiomer of the product. In addition, aldol reaction catalyzed with derivative 4 was also very efficient (90% yield), but the stereoselectivity was low (ee 22%, Table 1, entry 2). In this case, decreasing the temperature did not improve the enantioselectivity, but only reduced the chemical yield (30% yield at −20 • C). These results indicate that in the presence of additional chiral, bicyclic units in the structure of the organocatalyst the stereodifferentiating properties of L-proline in the aldol reaction are preserved, though not enhanced. A ring-expanded bridged azepane system in combination with pyrrolidine fragment turns out to be favoured over 2-azanorbornane in the structure of organocatalyst, considering the relative efficiency and enantioselectivity (see Table 1, entries 4 and 5). Moreover, the lack of an electron donating substituent at the amine group in the bicyclic unit of amide 8, responsible also for a large steric hindrance, led to a significant decrease of yield to only 8% (the stereoselectivity was not determined in this case).  Next, we examined aldol reaction with p-nitrobenzaldehyde and a cyclic ketone-cyclo hexanone, both in organic and aqueous media. For this experiment, we chose amine-and amide-type catalysts 4, 6, 8-13 possessing bicyclic 2-azacycloalkane frameworks. L-Proline served as a reference in this series as well. To perform the aldol reaction in organic media, we used chloroform as solvent at room temperature. As can be seen from Table 1 (entries  6-14), not all catalysts afforded the expected aldol products. In this experiment, L-proline was inefficient since rather low chemical yield (26%) was accompanied with reasonable stereoselectivity (syn/anti = 27:73; entry 6). The diastereomeric ratio was comparable in the case of bicyclic amino acid 4 (syn/anti = 21:79), although the yield was even worse (13%; Table 1, entry 7). Similarly, amine-type catalysts with two 2-azanorbornane units 10 and 13 were ineffective in aldol transformation-only traces of products were observed (Table 1,  entries 11 and 14). Surprisingly, amines with one bicyclic unit, 2-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane (6) or 2-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane (11) yielded aldol product with a reversed diastereoselectivity and still not satisfactory yield of 16/43% (Table 1, entries 8 and 13). This time it was 2azanorbornane that exhibited higher chemical efficiency. Almost complete conversion and good selectivity was observed for amide catalyst 9 (>95% yield, syn/anti = 22:78, 57% ee for anti isomer, entry 10). Attempts of optimization of the reaction conditions by lowering the temperature did not improve the stereoselectivity, but only led to a decrease in the yield of the catalyzed reaction. The amide based on 2-azanorbornane 12 yielded moderate conversion and good diastereoselectivity (63% yield, syn/anti = 16:84, ca. 38% ee; entry 13). In this case the yield could be improved using lower temperature in aldol reaction (23% yield was noted at room temperature). Again, in the case of an amide 8, only trace amounts of products were observed (Table 1, entry 9).
Nowadays, the use of water as an environmentally friendly reaction medium is highly recommended. Since proline is not effective in aqueous media, prolinamide derivatives were developed as highly reactive and stereoselective catalysts in either water or brine with a notably low catalyst load [25][26][27][28][29]. In our experiments, the aldol reaction was performed in brine at room temperature, in the presence of acetic acid (20 mol%) as a co-catalyst. The results reveal that only three organocatalysts, 6, 9 and 11 afforded corresponding aldol product as a diastereomeric mixture. Amine and amide derivatives based on 2-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane framework 6 and 9 yielded aldol product with almost full conversion (>86%) and good stereoselectivity (6 syn/anti = 35:65, 9 syn/anti 27:73, 63% ee, entries 17 and 19). Moreover, 2-azanorbornane amine 11 showed notable diastereoselectivity and chemical efficiency (>95% yield, syn/anti = 19:81, entry 21). Interestingly, amide with 2-azanorbornane system 12, a close analogue of 9, did not promote the aldol reaction-only traces of product were observed (entry 22). Interestingly, the change of the reaction medium resulted in the reversal of diastereoselectivity for the aldol reaction catalysed by compounds 6 and 11 (  entries 10 and 19).
Among all of the tested catalysts containing a chiral bicyclic backbone, amide based on 2-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane 9 provided the corresponding aldol products in excellent chemical yields (up to 95%) and with good stereoselectivity (up to 63% ee, dr = 22:78, entries 10 and 19) both in organic and aqueous media. These results indicate that introduction of the bicyclic system, both 2-azanorbornane and bridged azepane, into the catalyst structure might be necessary for satisfactory results. Furthermore, the diastereoselection in the reaction relies strongly on the steric interaction. Bicyclic ring system in our catalysts introduces a greater steric hindrance and is more rigid as compared to pyrrolidine moiety of proline. Further research, including catalyst design and structural modifications to improve the stereoselectivity, and mechanistic investigations are in progress.
Since the observed stereochemical outcomes are not outstanding, we checked the possibility of further enantiomeric enrichment of the final products (though at the expense of their amount) by fractioning the samples during their chromatographic purification on a silica column. The effect of self-disproportionation of enantiomers (SDE), well-documented and discussed also in recent Molecules papers [30][31][32][33][34], if neglected, can lead to the false determination of stereoselectivity of the asymmetric reaction. On the other hand, it can be beneficial if the optical purity of the original product(s) of an asymmetric reaction is not satisfactory, which might be of particular importance for the compounds exhibiting an interesting biological activity.
First, a sample of aldol product between acetone and p-nitrobenzaldehyde was subjected to column chromatography on a silica column, and the sample of original ee of 22% was divided into three fractions using n-hexane/ethyl acetate 3:1 (v/v) as the eluent. Their enantiomeric composition was then checked by HPLC analysis (Daicel Chiralpac AS-H column), and the values were in the 20-24% range which suggests a negligible SDE effect in this case. We then decided to examine the products of the aldol reaction between p-nitrobenzaldehyde and cyclohexanone. We chose three samples, purified from unreacted substrates and the catalyst, differing in their diastereomeric composition and optical purity of anti and syn isomers. Each sample was divided into several fractions by passing it through a silica column, and elution with n-hexane/ethyl acetate 3:1 (v/v). The results are collected in Table 2. This time, the samples contained mixtures of diastereomers which were not separated under the conditions used, though we observed that later fractions were significantly enriched in the major one, either anti (samples 1 and 3) or syn (sample 2). In the case of sample 1, the variation of enantiomeric excess across the fractions of is small (∆ee = 5%), but all values are rather low. Much more pronounced changes in enantiomeric composition were observed, however, for samples 2 and 3: for anti form ∆ee = 18% and 13%, respectively, and for syn isomer even 42% and 50%! For the latter, the tendency of enantiomeric purity to increase in the late fractions is clearly visible. The observed effects could be attributed to interactions between two diastereomers, but particularly for fractions 3 and 4 of sample 2, containing practically pure syn diastereomer and differing much in its ee, the occurrence of SDE is the most possible explanation. In conclusion, our observation shows the possibility to enhance the moderate stereochemical outcome of the asymmetric aldol reaction by fractioning the received samples on a silica column, and the importance of determining the global ee when the effect of asymmetric reaction is measured. It should be underlined that all data provided in Table 1 refer to non-fractionated samples. Table 2. Stereochemical effects of chromatography of aldol adducts obtained in the reaction between cyclohexanone and p-nitrobenzaldehyde a .

Measurements
All reagents and solvents were acquired from Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany, and used without further purification. Silica gel 60 (70-230 mesh) was used for the chromatographic separation, and silica gel 60 precoated plates (visualized with UV light and by staining with iodine) were applied for thin layer chromatography (TLC). The NMR spectra were recorded at 298 K on Jeol 400yh (Jeol Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) and Bruker Avance II 600 instruments (Bruker, Billerica, MA, USA) at 400 and 600 MHz ( 1 H), and 100 and 150 MHz ( 13 C), respectively. The signals were referenced to residual solvent signals (chloroform-d, methanol-d 4 ). Optical rotations were measured using an Optical Activity Ltd. Model AA-5 automatic polarimeter (Optical Activity, Ltd., Ramsey, UK). Infrared spectra were recorded in the range of 500-4000 cm −1 using a Perkin Elmer 2000 FTIR spectrophotometer (PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA, USA). High resolution mass spectra (HRMS) were collected with electrospray ionization using a Waters LCT Premier XE TOF instrument (Waters Corporation, Milford, MA, USA). Melting points were determined on the Schmelzpunkt Bestimmer Apotec apparatus (WEPA Apothekenbedarf GmbH & Co. KG., Hillscheid, Germany) using a standard open capillary.

General Procedure for Amide Synthesis
All bicyclic amides 8, 9, 12 were synthesized using our previously described methodology [23]. Primary amine (1 mmol), N-Boc-L-proline (1.11 mmol), potassium carbonate (2.02 mmol), and N,N -dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC, 1.0 mmol) were dissolved in acetonitrile and stirred for 24 h at room temperature. The precipitated (DCU, dicyclohexylurea) was separated, and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was chromatographed on a silica gel with CH 2 Cl 2 /MeOH 90:10 (v/v) as eluent. The resulting amide was deprotected by dissolving in a mixture of TFA/CH 2 Cl 2 (1:4), and stirring for 2 h at room temperature. The reaction mixture was neutralized using concentrated aqueous ammonia and extracted with CH 2 Cl 2 or ethyl acetate. Combined organic phases were dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified on the silica with CH 2 Cl 2 /MeOH 90:10 (v/v) as eluent to give desired amides. Amide 8 was additionally crystallized from diethyl ether. Amide 9 was prepared, characterized and described by our group in previous work [23].

Catalytic Reactions
Typical procedure for aldol reaction with acetone ( Table 1,

entries 1-5).
A catalyst (0.05 mmol) was dissolved in 5 mL of acetone. The solution was stirred at room temperature for 15 min in closed system, and p-nitrobenzaldehyde (75.5 mg, 0.5 mmol) was added. After 24 h the sample of 100 µL was withdrawn and diluted in 1 mL of CH 2 Cl 2 to measure the ee using HPLC. The reaction was finished by evaporation of acetone and chromatographed on the silica with eluent n-hexane/ethyl acetate 3:1 (v/v). The enantiomeric excess of 4-hydroxy-4-(4-nitrophenyl)butan-2-one was determined by HPLC analysis; the results for crude samples and the samples after chromatography were practically identical (within experimental error).
A mixture of catalyst (0.050 mmol, 0.10 eq.), cyclohexanone (0.26 mL, 2.5 mmol, 5.0 eq,) in 1.0 mL of CHCl 3 was stirred at room temperature for 15 min in a closed flask, and p-nitrobenzaldehyde (76 mg, 0.50 mmol) was added. After 24 h the reaction was finished by evaporation of solvent. Raw mixture was chromatographed on the silica, and eluted with n-hexane/ethyl acetate 3:1 (v/v). The enantiomeric excess of 2-(hydroxy(4nitrophenyl)methyl)cyclohexanone was determined by HPLC analysis. Aldol reaction with between p-nitrobenzaldehyde and cyclohexanone in brine ( Table 1,

entries 15-23).
A mixture of catalyst (0.050 mmol, 0.10 eq.), cyclohexanone (0.26 mL, 2.5 mmol, 5.0 eq,) and acetic acid (5.8 µL, 0.10 mmol, 0.20 eq.) in 1.0 mL of brine was stirred at room temperature for 15 min in a closed flask. p-Nitrobenzaldehyde (76 mg, 0.50 mmol) was then added. After 24 h the reaction was quenched with saturated ammonium chloride solution and extracted three times with ethyl acetate. Combined organic phases were dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified on the silica column with n-hexane/ethyl acetate 3:1 (v/v) as the eluent. The enantiomeric excess of 2-(hydroxy(4-nitrophenyl)methyl)cyclohexanone was determined by HPLC analysis.

Conclusions
We have demonstrated the utility of the chiral organocatalysts equipped in primary, secondary or/and tertiary amine, and amide functionality in the asymmetric aldol reaction. A structure-based screening of catalytic activity of these bicyclic compounds revealed that N-substitution of 2-azabicycloalkane is necessary for their efficiency. Polyamines were found inefficient, but monomeric amines and corresponding amides showed the outcome comparable with L-proline. An interesting possibility of reversal of syn/anti diastereoselectivity by using either the isomer with six-or seven-membered ring, or by the change of reaction medium (chloroform vs. brine) is worth underlining. Furthermore, these 2-azabicycloalkane-based catalysts can be still functionalized, and are available in various stereoisomeric forms (epimers, enantiomers). Taking into account the capacity of the described chiral heterocycles to act as catalysts, their potential in asymmetric synthesis remains to be fully examined.
Author Contributions: Conceptualization, K.K. and E.W.; investigation, D.I. and K.K.; supervision, E.W.; writing-original draft, D.I., K.K. and E.W.; writing-review and editing, E.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.